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Message Area
Sci / Health / Environment

Enviro. June 16 '05 Clean Air Act

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#1 of 2

     Posted 6/18/05 3:13 AM   
Sue_N
 
From  Sue_N  Posts 3452  Last 12:11 AM
To  All      [Msg # 197940.1 ]    

Are your state's or country's standards higher than the EPA's? Are they high enough?

U.S. Clean Air Act 1990

The first federal air pollution legislation in the USA was the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, which was a call for awareness and research into the problem. The Clean Air Act followed in 1963. It set emission standards for power plants and steel mills, but ignored mobile sources. It was amended in 1965, 1966, 1967, and 1969. The amendments included the first standards for auto emissions and a call for further research. The standards were tightened by the Clean Air Act of 1970 which added new standards for air quality and emissions an-d increased funds for research. Further amendments in the 70's loosened the deadlines for automobile manufacturers to develop improved technologies to meet the standards. There were no amendments during the 80s (the Reagan years) as the economy was deemed more important than the environment.

The Clean Air Act of 1990 (public law 101-549) dealt with:

  • acid rain
    - reduced sulfur dioxide through encouraging low-sulfur and alternative fuels
  • air quality standards
  • motor vehicle emissions
    - standards raised
    - deadlines tightened
    - low-sulfur fuels encouraged
    - alternative fuels encourages
  • stratospheric ozone depletion
    - call for a reduction in the amount of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • toxic air pollutants
    - installment of the Best Available Control Technology (BACT) mandated

States could set deadlines for each source depending on the severity of its pollution. They issue permits for power or chemical plants and levy fines on companies violating air pollution limits. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets the limits for the amount of each pollutant in the air, but states can have stronger rules if they wish. States must draw up state implementation plans (SIPs) after public consultation, and the EPA may approve them or can take over from the state in enforcing the Act. The United States government channels money to support clean air programs through the EPA and provides scientific research and other expert assistance.

Air pollution does not recognise state or country boundaries. People may cross boundaries, and so does the air. The Act includes provisions for both interstate and inter-country (to and from Canada and Mexico) air pollution.

Under the 1990 Act larger polluters must apply for permits for air pollution, just as the Clean Water Act requires permits to release pollutants into water. The money for the permits helps to pay for state air pollution control activities. The EPA can now fine violators, and penalties can be larger. The public can ask to the EPA enforce the act and sue the state or EPA if they fail to enforce, as well as the offending owner or operator. The 1990 Clean Air Act includes some flexibility in how businesses contribute to improved air quality, including allowing those who exceed standards to sell credits to those who fail to meet them.

The EPA sometimes sets 2 standards - the primary standard for safeguarding health, and the secondary standard for preventing environmental and property damage. Meeting the primary standard is called "attainment". Many urban areas are classified as nonattainment, and about 90 million Americans live in nonattainment areas.

Recent news stories involving the Clean Air Act include:

EPA Sets New Rules for Cleaner Park Air

The EPA has issued new rules requiring states to identify power plants, steel mills, etc. which must cut air pollution. In spite of settling a 2003 suit by environmentalists to make it enforce the Clean Air Act, it has allowed exemptions. The EPA believes the reduction in pollution should cost $1.5 billion a year, but would save $8.5 billion to $10 billion through fewer premature deaths, nonfatal heart attacks, hospital admissions and lost school and workdays, while bringing in an extra $240 million a year in increased tourism due to less haze.

Please see the following message for the remaining stories.

Sue [sysop in NewsForum, World Issues, All Animals forums]
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#2 of 2

     Posted 6/18/05 3:16 AM   
Sue_N
 
From  Sue_N  Posts 3452  Last 12:11 AM
To  All      [Msg # 197940.2 Message 197940.2 replying to 197940.1 197940.1 ]    

Other Stories

Tsunami Experts Say Better Safe Than Sorry

The recent 7.2-magnitude earthquake offshore from California proved a good test both of evacuation procedures and of equipment, some of which detected the 1cm tsunami that was generated. 15 died in the 1964 tsunami.

Desperate for Whale Meat

Japan is determined to kill more whales in spite of opposition from a growing number of countries, including South Africa and Australia. If it does not get its way it may leave the International Whaling Commission [IWC], which meets next week.

Human Case of Bird Flu Found in Indonesia

The poultry worker is Indonesia's first diagnosed case even though he is showing no symptoms. Recently the H5N1 strain of bird flu was found in pigs on the island of Java, nearby.


Photo: courtesy of U.S.
Fish & Wildlife Service

Calif. Scientists Plan to Kill Barred Owls

The cull is an experiment to see if the removal of the small number of barred owls in northern California will give the smaller threatened spotted owl a better chance to recover. If it does, then further culls may take place elsewhere. It is not clear how soon more barred owls would move into the area, or whether loggers would be allowed to fell as much old-growth forests if the spotted owl population spread.

Kenya reclaims famed game park from poachers

Kenya's biggest national park, Tsavo East, has been reclaimed from armed poachers by armed park rangers. The park has now been reopened to tourists. It is concentrating on a limited number of high-paying visitors so as to minimise disruption to the animals.

Illegal fishing hits world's poorest -UK studies

Illegal fishing accounts for $4 billion of fish a year, a significant part of it off the shores of poor countries. It threatens the poor, the fish stocks, and also kills many sea birds.

Cubans Hope U.S. Cows Will Improve Herds

Cuban experts plan to buy 500 head of cattle from Vermont, Maine and Pennsylvania to increase the gene pool and improve the quality of their stock so that they can become self sufficient in milk production.

In the same news wire, an organisation founded by a senior nutrition scientist is growing soybeans in Afghanistan to help stave off hunger there.

EPA Reviewing Human Pesticide Experiments

Companies seeking pesticide permits have submitted data from 24 human pesticide experiments. Congressional staff report that tests were designed to harm humans and that the test subjects had not been fully informed. The pesticide industry won a suit in 2003 at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. The judges ruled that the EPA cannot refuse to consider such data until it has drawn up regulations, which are currently expected by 2006.

Desertification, dust are global threats - report

The Desertification Synthesis of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report has been launched. It covers Condition and Trends, Scenarios, Responses, and Sub-global Assessments. Desertification may drive millions of people from their homes over the next few decades. Dust storms can harm the health of people, even on other continents, by transporting toxins, bacteria and fungi, by causing coughs, and by reducing food availability by covering crops. They can also carry nutrients. Prevention is easier than reversal.


Are your state's or country's standards higher than the EPA's? Are they high enough?

[Views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of CompuServe, Netscape, any government, agency, or news organization. External Websites are "At Your Own Risk," and no endorsement is expressed or implied.]

Sue [sysop in NewsForum, World Issues, All Animals forums]
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Sci / Health / Environment

Enviro. June 16 '05 Clean Air Act

  
 
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